** 👨💻 Networking**⚓︎
Interview Questions for Networking
Overview⚓︎
Here is the table of the 7 layers:
|Nums|Layers |Data Units| |Functions |
|:-:|:-:|:-:|:-:|
|7|Application Layer |Data |Mail Services,Directory Services,FTAM |
|6|Presentation Layer |Data |Encryption/Decryption, Compression|
|5|Session Layer |Data |Session Establishment, Synchronization,Dialog Controller|
|4|Transport Layer |Segments,Datagram |Segmentation|
|3|Network Layer |Packets |Traffic control,Fragmentation,Routing|
|2|Data Link Layer |Frames |Flow control,Error control,Access control|
|1|Physical Layer |Bits |Bit Synchronization,Bit rate control,Physical Topologies|
For the seven layers, here are some corresponding protocols and devices/apps:
-
Protocol:
- Ethernet (IEEE 802.3)
- Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11)
- Bluetooth
- DSL (Digital Subscriber Line)
- USB (Universal Serial Bus)
- RS-232
-
Devices:
- Hubs
- Repeaters
- Cables (e.g., twisted pair, coaxial, fiber optic)
- Network Interface Cards (NICs)
- Wireless Access Points
=== "2. Dlk Lr"
- Protocol:
- Ethernet (IEEE 802.3)
- Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11)
- PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol)
- HDLC (High-Level Data Link Control)
- Frame Relay
- ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode)
- Devices:
- Switches
- Bridges
- Wireless Access Points
- Network Interface Cards (NICs)
- Protocol Analyzers (e.g., Wireshark)
=== "3. Ntw Lr"
- Protocol:
- IPv4 (Internet Protocol version 4)
- IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6)
- ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol)
- IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol)
- OSPF (Open Shortest Path First)
- RIP (Routing Information Protocol)
- BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)
- Devices:
- Routers
- Layer 3 Switches
- Firewalls
- Applications:
- Routing software (e.g., Cisco IOS, Juniper Junos OS)
- Network management and monitoring tools (e.g., SolarWinds Network Performance Monitor)
=== "4. Tsp Lr"
- Protocol:
- TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)
- UDP (User Datagram Protocol)
- SCTP (Stream Control Transmission Protocol)
- DCCP (Datagram Congestion Control Protocol)
- Applications:
- Wireshark (for analyzing TCP/UDP packets)
- Netstat (for monitoring active network connections)
=== "5. Ssn Lr"
- Protocol:
- TLS (Transport Layer Security)
- SSL (Secure Sockets Layer)
- SSH (Secure Shell)
- L2TP (Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol)
- PPTP (Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol)
- Applications:
- VPN clients and servers (e.g., OpenVPN, Cisco AnyConnect)
- Remote desktop tools (e.g., TeamViewer, Microsoft Remote Desktop)
- Network file sharing systems (e.g., SMB, NFS)
=== "6. Pst Lr"
- Protocol:
- MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions)
- XDR (External Data Representation)
- ASN.1 (Abstract Syntax Notation One)
- SSL/TLS (Secure Sockets Layer / Transport Layer Security)
- JSON (JavaScript Object Notation)
- XML (eXtensible Markup Language)
- Applications:
- Encryption/decryption tools (e.g., OpenSSL)
- Data compression software (e.g., gzip, WinZip, WinRAR)
- Web browsers (for rendering MIME types, e.g., Chrome, Firefox, Safari)
=== "7. Apl Lr"
- Protocol:
- HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)
- HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure)
- FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
- TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol)
- SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)
- POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)
- IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol)
- DNS (Domain Name System)
- SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol)
- Telnet
- DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)
- LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol)
- SIP (Session Initiation Protocol)
- XMPP (Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol)
- Applications:
- Web browsers (e.g., Chrome, Firefox, Safari)
- Email clients (e.g., Microsoft Outlook, Mozilla Thunderbird, Apple Mail)
- File transfer clients (e.g., FileZilla, WinSCP)
- Instant messaging apps (e.g., WhatsApp, Telegram, Signal)
- Voice and video communication software (e.g., Zoom, Microsoft Teams, Skype)
- Network management and monitoring tools (e.g., SolarWinds Network Performance Monitor, Nagios)